Background
the socialist market economy, competition has permeated all areas of life. Competition for economic and social development has injected vitality, has brought vitality, but also opened up for human progress and development of a vast space, with to the challenge. competition requirements of the times, the inevitable social development. there is no competition, no order to survive and develop. from the person's life to see, only with a strong sense of competition, the first man with a good mental Yong quality to adapt to the complicated social change, courage to face the new challenges of science and technology.
mankind enters the twenty-first century, more crucial social competition fierce. dare to compete, good competition, which is both modern human and social development important factor, but also the reality factor. survival of the fittest is particularly evident in today. Therefore, personnel training should first determine a proper sense of competition, to enable it to flood the competition in an invincible position. This calls for educators, particularly Teachers should continue to strengthen the sense of competition for students of education, psychology students healthy competition.
must admit that social competition is very cruel at times, brilliant achievements of those who have, from the violent storm off those who have, more often losers more. This is determined by the form of competition, its purpose is to promote and encourage a limited number of people to succeed at a high level, and most can not. This requires people to participate in the competition clearly aware, and come the best response. also focused on demonstration of a person's feelings, will, and even psychological factors of personality characteristics.
Although we emphasize how to compete, but even more importantly, the ultimate goal should be to: Society of competition and cooperation. This is the modern society of high-quality people make a request. scientific knowledge to develop in depth, more and more detailed division of labor, people can not become encyclopedic character. just blindly extreme competition, not cooperation, is doomed ultimately to fail. There famous saying: to help others climb the people will climb even higher. This is the real good competition.
Peking University Professor Wang Xuan in turn report: Contemporary China is not shortage of talent, lack of these personnel sense of fair competition and training fair way. for the 21st century - not only compete with each other is becoming more complex with each other since the multilateral requirements of the world for talent, the education sector have proposed a new national educational goals, and clearly sense of cooperation and competition, ability, spirit into the target system.
but long way to go The future of secondary school students as a generation, they are the future to accelerate the grand cause of China's socialist modernization participants, builders and managers, what they have the quality of competition, and competitiveness, the future for the country and the nation far-reaching impact. Therefore, training students the proper sense of competition, raise their quality is our great responsibility incumbent upon educators.
competition in human society and the biosphere of other hand, there is still solidarity, mutual cooperation, alternate side of prosperity. So when we talk about competition, can not talk about cooperation, not stressed humanitarian.
the ordinary meaning of the definition of
competition is people for their own interests with the people win. from a competitive point of view the main form of competition can be divided into the competition between the individual and the individuals, groups and competition between groups; from the point of view the number of competitors, competition can be divided into both competition and competitive multi-party.
sense of competition, including competition itself, the awareness of the competitive situation on my awareness and the capacity of the outcome of competition consciousness, is one comprehensive psychological performance. both individual's cognitive status, emotional status, will the situation, including abilities, interests and social development. the most concentrated expression of a person's personality characteristics.
competition is the individuals or groups strive to beat each other in all aspects of the adversarial behavior. competition prevalent among the human activities, as the function of school psychology founder William each other's psychology, it is out of the level than the confrontational behavior have some degree of expression.
primary means of competition: the students daily life (school life, leisure life) in order to obtain a advantages, to achieve a particular purpose, and to take certain measures to each other beyond the phenomenon. This phenomenon is more common, and always affects the development of students.
COMPETITION primary structure of means: primary focus on the competition Which dimensions, these dimensions are linked to together to organic.
what is competition, each saying the current one. psychologists generally believe that the outcome of competition is competition between people, advance scientific the contest is that people are a social psychological phenomenon Victory Tujiang.
competition, is competing better. where in some contest, and a hierarchy You Lie, by eliminating the inferior, and the presumption of merit-based phylogeny of activities are competitive.
real: 1. Competition exists in a variety of different social systems .2. competition exists and the minds of every member of society. the sense of competition that is prevalent in people's minds up, unwilling to behind the human mind. entrance examination is a competition of knowledge and intelligence; job promotion is both moral and competitive; job classification is the level of professional ability and academic competition .3. not violate competition rules.
competition is the nature and a common phenomenon in human society, but also to use the most modern society, one of the most widely used word. In general, all living things including human beings in order to meet their own needs for survival and development for the competition, catch up or belong to the broad competitive struggles. narrow the competition is competition, specifically refers to human society, is in order to survive, develop and enjoy the start of the war the outcome of a contest. This is still a person at the competition in the final analysis, competition sense of competition and competitive strength of the availability of psychological and social activities of a person, habits, and physical and mental health have a significant impact, but also whether the individual in modern society, one of the conditions necessary for success. individual competition is actually a personality. In the nature of elements of the cartel have described in the 16PF source traits of E factors, the characteristics of the highest scores is arbitrary, aggressive, stubborn, competitive. In theory, the individual competition is in line with the basic characteristics of personality. From the overall perspective of personality, individual competition, and psychological characteristics of mental processes are more or less on the individual impact of competition; the contrary, competition will also affect the strength of the individual psychological their development and their potential.
competition is two or more opponents to fight each other for the better results than the other efforts and show the potential of the process, this desire to overcome the other, or would like to than the other impulse will do better, that is, the sense of competition. competition can strengthen the individual sense of healthy competition, to stimulate competition, the desire to make it more energy and vitality, to further improve the individual personality.
competition is ubiquitous in nature and human society, a kinds of phenomena. It is a long time to study it, in our country used.
Homans said: Competition is beneficial in order to achieve the purpose of their activities. Usually, this activity tends to negate the benefit of others. Andrew Liewa that: competition in a way interaction, it is a resistance to common activities. Zheng Hangsheng in his of scarce resources to carry out to win the competition, rivalry and competition. China's Taiwan scholars believe that competition is something that people fight for the limited competition is to strive for the survival of behavior is the basic way that people interact one.
consolidate the kinds of argument, we generally believe that competition is a biological and a common phenomenon in human society. In ecological sense, competition is a community living together in the same or heterologous organisms, use of common resources, When that occurs when trying to insufficient resources a priority of the phenomenon; for humans, competition is between people, groups and between groups, the outcome of disputes between nations and countries, advance scientific contest, is the people A Strong Victory is to strive for social and psychological phenomenon. competition throughout the years since the human society into the whole of human history, but also throughout the individual or group survival and development process, it is the practice of life, human interaction One of the basic form.
a variety of forms of competition, according to the scope of competition point of view, the competition can be divided into broad and narrow the competition.
competition in general refers to the entire biosphere of the competition. We Here it is limited to human life in general competition. This competition is not determined by competition, the subject is felt by all the people with their own, with the surrounding environment, hence the adoption of a hectic life in an orderly manner activities, continue to make efforts.
narrow the competition that the kind of specific competitors, competition between different subjects is a common target for direct competition or competitiveness in the activities.
by competition point of view, competition for survival and development can be divided into competition. to survive competition is a lower level of competition, involving the survival of the main body, food and clothing, security and other basic needs; development of competition is a higher level of competition, involving high levels of demand and the main purpose. < br> value target classification by competition, can be divided into economic (wealth) competitive, political (right) competition, cultural competition, and survival competition.
points according to the nature of competition, the competition can be divided into civilized and uncivilized competition. civilization through the main competition is legitimate, equal, reasonable and lawful, humane way to give yourself the means and access to the actual increase, so that their dominant position. civilization, the competition will not only help the winner, but also to society; uncivilized competition winner is only temporary benefit, but not conducive to social.
consciousness is the human mind reflects the objective material world, is feeling, thinking and other mental processes combined.
sense of competition is refers to the law of competition reflected in people's minds, and dominate people all acts of a special kind of mental process of thinking activity, is that people's positive awareness of competition and attitudes and the resulting emotional, psychological experience such as the sum of the will. Tongsudejiang is that the people of subjective awareness, understanding and application of competition law, according to the competitive objective reality of both sides to take all reasonable actions, and as individual acts in the competition program that the mental process of thinking activity.
sense of competition within the meaning of this article includes sense of competition itself, the competition situation of my awareness and the capacity of the result of competition consciousness, is a comprehensive psychological quality of people's performance. both individual cognitive status, emotional status, will the situation, including abilities, interests and social development.
role is the role of competition in the class: 1. orienteering, guided role .2. motivation, cohesion 3. norms reflect the role of 4. found that reference. competition law is one to level. In the competition, various classes such as the Eight Immortals, fancy, but the result is a ranking of priority, the top-ranking among those working well in some persons, or the leader in integrated forces.
drawbacks: 1. Jingzheng both classes may lead to competition in the top-ranking in the class have the psychological complacency, but also may lead to ranking in the competition by low self-esteem after the negative mood of the class
2. competition could also lead to different classes deterioration of relations between classes, students jealousy between the elite, want to fight, and rejoiced.
3. class competition may have prompted some classes or a class to learn is to do a sense of unfair means to make their classes in .4 comparative advantage. class competition, there are students in their classes may focus only at a certain time-related activities with the competing objectives, while ignoring other meaningful activities.
Psychological research shows that even in early childhood, people already has the want to be respected by others, taking the requirements of peer respect. As people age, growth and improvement in the level of socialization, access to other people's respect and recognition, access to social recognition of the increasingly strong desire and need, this need into the prestige of psychological motivation and competition in children's learning and development play a significant role.
1. healthy competition is a full human psychological learning potential and the role of the effective means of intelligence. intelligence factor ( observation, understanding, memory, thinking ability, creativity, etc.) in a human learning and development plays an important role, but some non-intellectual factors such as motivation, interest, will, emotions are not available or learning and development missing. They are the intellectual factors play a full learning potential mining an important psychological conditions. The competition just reinforce the learning psychology of various non-intellectual factors, a positive impact on learning. the mental state of competition, access to people respect and self-actualization needs and motivation for more intense, even more clear learning objectives, learning will become increasingly strong interest in learning will become even more stronger, thus increasing confidence in learning, so is it a sense of learned perseverance, perseverance to achieve a purpose made unremitting efforts.
2. healthy competition in the psychological formation of a sound personality for the students to play an important role. Competition is the quality of people's ability and personality, such as the will, the will of the baptism. in the competition , students can develop a lot of good quality. Because of competition and cooperation between the unity of opposites, competition in the mutual cooperation and mutual assistance, but also enable students to develop a collaborative, mutual aid, solidarity quality. in the competition of these fine form Quality is not only a necessary condition for learning, but also to promote a favorable factor for physical and mental development of students in the student's growth process plays an important role.
3. unhealthy competition is not conducive to student learning psychology and development. unhealthy competition Psychology or the performance of selfish, narrow-minded, or show a lack of confidence, self-willing to sink. a psychological state of the former students in order to achieve the purpose of winning will be opportunistic, or even unscrupulous, at the expense of the interests at the expense of others. In this way, he may to achieve the purpose of winning, but the quality is not conducive to the formation of his outstanding personality, but also undermine the combat effectiveness of a group. In the latter state of mind, the students for work, study, lack of enthusiasm and courage, to why not as good as others, so break jar fall break. This stagnant state of mind is bound to inhibit the intelligence of the play, curb the development of creativity. The task of education is to foster healthy competition psychology students, to prevent and eliminate unhealthy competition psychology.
of
psychology and sense of competition on competition in a positive role in student learning at home and abroad have done some experiments. For example: Man cut call (Chapman, J other group of ten children (ten minutes per day) in addition to practice comparative experiments, in which no race group only because of interest in school work and serious conditions, and had to do addition there is a contest group, scores on the registration form and the Red Star through research, he organized several rifle shooting team of three groups, some groups participate in the competition, and some groups do not participate in competition, the result is to participate in the competition group than in the group not to participate in the competition is more tightly integrated, team members attract more between large, more friendly attitude.
Xu Li (1993) that: a strong sense of competition, also has gradually become a basic human quality. good for children to create a competitive environment; to children in various activities participate in the competition; educational knowledge to practice child care skills. This degree of increased competition, many children began to 2,3 years old to learn a large assignments. long-term study pressure led to some children lose interest in learning, to school performance became clear. So, some people started to pay attention in high school how to deal with competition issues. Zhang Deming (1990) that: Under the current system, in accordance with national conditions, school situation, to create micro-climate, the introduction of competition, and courageously carry out teaching methods and teaching content attempt actively change the current weariness, disgust education, leave school, abandoned teaching, and death studies, the status of death education is present, we should seriously explore the issue and need to be solved. However, only emphasized the competition, not pay attention to guidance, is not conducive to the students growth. oriented education makes the academic competition is intense, and low quality of teacher discipline often result in inappropriate physical or spiritual harm to the child. For the future development is extremely unfavorable. shows competitive behavior of primary school students and their psychological mechanisms and the corresponding education measures will help to guide primary school students and educational competition, promote development and enhance their capacity to ensure their physical and mental health.
However, most studies on this issue is descriptive. no evidence Research
John Sutton (2000) and other candidates for the 198 primary school students 9-12 years of age to investigate whether bullying in the classroom about social competition. The results showed that: the attitude of the bullying of children held in favor of competition and the desire to hold manipulation of attitudes. Junger-Tas (1999) that: a child's life, school is important, because they soon learned that the school achievement largely determine their social status, praised the results, due to failure to pay be punished. Tassi and Schneider (1997) distinguishes between two kinds of competition: the task-oriented competition and competitive. RichardsNewman, who also investigated the competition between students attitude towards the students, as well as the performance of adverse situations. They found that: for teachers Help students generally seen as a companion to avoid rather than resolve conflict. obvious that students have realized that competition should mainly rely on their own capabilities, external assistance should not be. for teachers to help students was to be despised. Of course, competition is the primary part of life not exclude competition cooperation, competition and cooperation not confrontation. C . that cooperation can meet the many challenges in the course. But the development of cooperation and competition point of view, more likely to sound development of cooperation, and competition is often negative and the boot problem.
competitive research has been the origin of long. Sampson (1989) proposed as class individuals in a large number of situations have manipulated others, attack others and a tendency to slander others. Sempson also proposed another concept of In common with others to find their own goals in life and to participate in the exploration of some common activities to achieve these goals. In his view, in such a process of personality formation is a benign competitive attitude, and beneficial to physical and mental development, will promote social progress and healthy development of society does not have side effects. Ryckman and Hame (1992) calls competition and competition-related attitudes represent two different psychological characteristics. Ryckman, etc. based on the theory of sampson, developed a Studies have shown that competition includes two separate areas: the transition of competitive attitude, benign races attitudes. RD Smither and JMHouston use a coefficient of competitive individual emotional tendencies, the tendency of participants in the debate and participate in the competition tend to form three.
little research in this country. Li Lin et al (2001) through the revised Scale with sex, occupation, and the individual's social role may be the competition one of the determinants of attitude.
Although the Competition in a long time, involving a wide range of fields, but from a psychological point of view of individual competition conduct a study or very limited. the domestic system of psychology on competition has not seen the documents from public view, the overwhelming majority of empirical description of the phenomenon, theoretical and empirical research in psychology has yet to be to work together. this effort for the psychological services in the community is very meaningful in real life. This paper studies on the status of individual competition, competition and the need to address the psychological mechanism to discuss the issue, hoping to draw attention to individual competition of attention and in-depth study.
Another research focus is mainly concentrated in the competitive and successful relationship. now this has not yet reached the same conclusion, and some believe that more cooperative than competitive predict individual success, and some believe that competition can stimulate positive motivation and creativity. Spence and Helmreich conducted a more detailed analysis, taking into account the individual controlling their work and the impact of competitive success. It was found that work in controlling and score high on the competitive nature of getting low grades in the individual scores, income, and scientific recognition, etc. are more likely to succeed; only when the work of individuals in controlling and getting low on time before competition There was a positive correlation with success. E. Franken, and J. Brown's survey found that the main motivation for people to participate in the competition divided into the following five areas: 1. To enhance the ability of the individual; 2. desire to win; 3. redouble their efforts to promote their own; 4. to meet the good performance in the competition; 5. challenging problems of interest. After further analysis of the factors that draw the two self-oriented and task oriented motivational system.
conditions
to compete, must have three conditions: 1. Competition parties want more than others, to win; 2. Competition parties are willing to make every effort to seek more than the other and win; 3. the result of competition is there in the first, after the fame and fortune, there is better than failure.
psychology that children have a feisty sense of competition, usually, in a latent state of this nature, if educators consciously use the appropriate external incentives to motivate them to induce their sense of competition, so that This intrinsic motivation was transformed into the excited state, learning and children can become the driving force for future development.
how students competing mental health
1. competition before, and guide the correct treatment of the class competition. Each class should be the competition is to stimulate the classes as a means of internal potential, This class is reflected in some or all aspects of the overall level of the overall strength of a way, do not think the class competition over the other classes just to get the victory, the competition Do not take it too seriously victory or defeat. the result of competition should be done on the best plan for the worst, in carrying out certain aspects of competition, do not pay attention to this area of study, but also attention to other aspects of learning.
2. competition, targeted education of the class. competition, some award-winning class, and some classes absent. school and class rank should be targeted for different education.
1. establish a strong competitive consciousness. the sense of competition is an important human quality of survival and development, students develop a healthy competition is an important prerequisite for psychological. Therefore, to guide the students completely abandon, complacent, cling to incomplete, aloof, lazy negative inaction of the old concepts, and gradually establish a positive, never complacent, pioneers, the courage to compete actively for new ideas. should have the courage to express themselves, dare to large crowd in the show his talent. to overcome the psychological fear and inferiority complex of their own confident, believe we can rely on their own strength to achieve the set goals.
2. to maintain a positive competitive attitude. maintain a positive and healthy attitude, in order to have the courage and motivation to compete. to attach importance to the education of students and COMPETITION ease, and guide students to compete in a positive state of mind, focusing on participation, focusing on process to treat mind and open-minded to accept the results of fair competition, respect for facts, win without pride, lose with grace, optimistic view of life, perseverance, positive .
3. correctly handle the competition and cooperation. you have an apple, I have an apple or an apple to exchange; you have a thought, I have a thought, to exchange each will have two ideas. a human capacity is limited, and only started the active participation of all, to most people as their partners, efforts to form a team spirit and group competitiveness and complementarity in the process of cooperation, in cooperation to achieve win-win situation, to make students understand that students should not be a competition between life and death, the death in battle broken.
4. to enhance the competitive strength of the rapid development of science and technology culture in the era of knowledge economy, the competition is the competition of knowledge, but also the competitive ability of a person have the knowledge and ability, can have success and wealth.
1. to establish a psychological atmosphere of good competition. Competition is the psychological atmosphere of competition and development of psychology psychological environment, emotional environment and awareness of the environment, its competitive mentality of children formation and development plays a subtle role in nurturing and infection. This requires that the schools themselves to provide students with a good psychological environment, that is a good study, and school spirit, competition for the psychological development of students with a strong thirst for knowledge creation and the enterprising spiritual world. Secondly, the school should coordinate the family and school environment for students to impact on students. again, the competition to establish a good atmosphere between the active inter-school competition and the competition between teachers, students in a competitive environment .
2. in the daily activities of students learning and healthy competition in psychology and sense of competition. teachers should pay attention to using proper methods and means, such as praise, rewards, suggesting that other, ready to induce competition and psychology students.
3. properly organize the students to competitions. In the event actually swept both students and entrepreneurial spirit, sense of competition, but also students of solidarity, the quality of collective cooperation. It should be noted that the contest should not be too much organization . In addition, the contest to set a variety of indicators, so that everyone can set their own conditions and the level of their goal to strive for the success of one or some aspects.
competitive psychological characteristics have the following Features:
1. Competitive Psychology has a distinct purpose. People always for certain purposes of competition, a winner is the goal of each competitor's efforts.
2. have a strong emotional COMPETITION experience. contender in a competitive process to experience anxiety and unrest, but also the joy of initial success and joy. victory will make it competitive with happiness and pride, failure to make people feel the pain. victory will make people full of competition confidence will inspire further into the spirit, of course, some people would revel temporary success and hesitant. competing failure will make people frustrated, depressed; will make people bound and determined to turn the tables.
3. COMPETITION accompanied with the will. Competition is inseparable from the will. fluke win cases exist, but these are just coincidence. competitive process that is always full of such contradictions and difficulties, difficulties overcome and the solution will need to buy tons of people will and perseverance, and only has a strong will of the people, to perseverance, to achieve the purpose of competition.
4. there is strong competition if the sub-mental, as well as healthy and unhealthy distinction. Some some some strong competition to compete psychological Some psychological weak, and some people even willingly sink. Mental Health showed confidence in the firm competitive and aggressive; unhealthy competition mental performance of opportunistic, unscrupulous.
COMPETITION children has its particularity, which mainly COMPETITION in the children's stage of development. Competitiveness and attendant human consciousness, and with the gradual development of human culture together, the children at different ages, different from the competitive psychology.
children competition Psychology has a direct and specific nature. children's competitive purpose is specific and can show immediate results, such as: to see who can run fast, see who is obedient and so on. This is the specific image of children dominant thinking, willpower is not strong are inseparable.
early school-age children with psychological transition of competition. the one hand, with a specific purpose, the other is living in general and long-term. children into school, which began a formal student life, which began the development of all aspects of physical and moral. student competition goal is not only a includes, purpose and long-term. This time do not want children exposed psychological competition, they compete with others in silence, their goal of competing in front of goal from the focus to a focus on long-term development goals.
explain: < br> Instinct discussion of the competition with a huge psychological impact. The Nobel laureate Lorentz animal behaviorists believe that, whether animal or human beings have an instinct to fight against the same molecule, which is aggressive instinct it is four basic animal instinct. He believes that animals in all forms of competition can be found in human society, human nature is such a struggle and leave to future generations through genetic, is the key to the survival of the organism continues .
British social psychologist Michael Tokgo the same impulse that humans have a competition, and its inherent power is generally the same time the power of instinct and aggressive operation, closely related, it seeks to rival in a struggle to do more than better. This kind of competition to the four or five years old urge to just Cong Haodou separate instinct and spontaneous activity in the lives of boys growing within a dominant position.
more emphasis on the spirit of Xinli Xue competitive instinct origin. and their representative Freud that man has two conflicting instincts, meaning the death instinct, and instinct. Students can extend their performance to the instinct of self defense, love, marriage, fertility, and various creative activities. dead animals from the aggressive instinct, its performance can be extended to the competition, envy, strife, war and suicide. Social Psychology empirical research shows that people have a tendency to compete, Friedman major truck Prisoners Dilemma Competition experiments and experiments as evidence, even if the cooperation is the best strategy, many people prefer to compete rather than cooperate.
instincts of those who tried to study characteristics of the animal instinct to seek understanding of human competition, ignored competitive behavior in the human study generated a more important role. This theory is difficult to explain the competitive performance of human diversity of culture, nor a specific culture that competition between individuals of the great differences. There conscious human beings on their own initiative The ...
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